Laa-lte communication in an unlicensed spectrum

ABSTRACT

A method includes transmitting, at an access point configured to transmit data over an unlicensed band, a single message prior to transmitting data over a channel of the unlicensed band. The method further includes receiving, at the access point, a plurality of responses from a plurality of user equipment acknowledging the single message in response to the single message.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 14/925,756 filed Oct. 28, 2015, which claims priority to IndianProvisional Patent Application No. 5488/CHE/2014, filed Nov. 3, 2014,both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of networking,including, but not limited to, the use of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) in asmall cell or access point.

BACKGROUND

Communications systems such as WiFi (802.11) and LAA-LTE (LicensedAssisted Access-LTE, also called LTE-U or unlicensed LTE) networksgenerally makes use of an unlicensed spectrum (i.e., a spectrum notreserved for a particular company, network, etc.). It is difficult tooperate in the unlicensed spectrum, as interference in the unlicensedband can occur between various devices attempting to communicate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will become more fully understood from the followingdetailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingfigures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an environment including a small cell withLAA-LTE capability and a plurality of devices in communication with thesmall cell according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of the small cell design of FIG.1 according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a flow for reducing channel reservationoverhead in an unlicensed spectrum of the environment according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a flow for estimating a quality metricassociated with a signal sent over the unlicensed spectrum by an accesspoint according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a flow for managing interference in theunlicensed spectrum to allow multiple small cells to transmit in theunlicensed spectrum according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a flow for reserving a channel in theunlicensed spectrum for a future transmission window according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of another flow for reserving a channel in theunlicensed spectrum for a future transmission window according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 8 illustrates the channel reservation flow of FIG. 7 compared to atypical channel reservation flow according to an exemplary embodiment;and

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a flow for estimating a time offset betweentransmission windows in the unlicensed spectrum according to anexemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before turning to the figures, which illustrate the exemplaryembodiments in detail, it should be understood that the application isnot limited to the details or methodology set forth in the descriptionor illustrated in the figures. It should also be understood that theterminology is for the purpose of description only and should not beregarded as limiting.

Referring generally to the figures, various systems and methods formanaging LTE communications between a plurality of LTE devices (e.g.,one or more small cells and one or more user devices or user equipment(UEs)) communicating LTE signals with one another are shown anddescribed. The communications occur over an unlicensed band or spectrum(e.g., a band not reserved for a particular company, network, etc.).

In some embodiments, a small cell sends a single multicast ready-to-send(RTS) signal to a number of user end devices in an environment. The userend devices then provide clear-to-send (CTS) signals in response to theRTS, indicating to the small cell that the devices are ready fortransmission over the unlicensed spectrum. In some embodiments, the userend devices send the CTS signals over a closely spaced period of time.

In some embodiments, a LTE device in the environment estimates a qualitymetric associated with a signal sent over the unlicensed band. Forexample, a user end device receives at least one of a signal indicatingan intent to transmit data, or a second signal acknowledging the firstsignal. The LTE device then estimates a quality metric associated withthe signal. In some embodiments, the quality metric is a channel stateinformation (CSI) or channel quality indication (CQI).

In some embodiments, LTE devices (e.g., small cells) in the environmentmanage potential interference in the unlicensed spectrum. For example, afirst small cell receives a message indicating an intent to transmitdata or a message acknowledging an indication of an intent to transmitdata. The small cell determines if the message was transmitted by asecond small cell, the second small cell coordinating transmissions withthe first small cell. If so, the two small cells transmit signals duringa same timeframe, coordinating transmissions with one another in someembodiments.

In some embodiments, a small cell determines a transmission window, at afuture time, in which data is to be transmitted over the unlicensedband. The small cell transmits a message reserving the channel fortransmission, beginning at the future time, and not blockingtransmissions over the channel prior to the future time.

In some embodiments, a first small cell estimates a time offset betweentwo transmission windows, the transmission windows being fortransmission of data by the first small cell and a second small cell.The first small cell coordinates transmissions of the two small cellsover the channel of the unlicensed band based on the time offset.

LAA-LTE (or LTE-U) is a standard for wireless communication that makesuse of the unlicensed spectrum. In various exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure, the small cell is, or includes, a LAA-LTE accesspoint facilitating use of the unlicensed spectrum (e.g., to avoidinterference).

The present disclosure describes a small cell design integrating aLAA-LTE access point. In various other embodiments, the small celldesign includes a LAA-LTE access point and one or more WiFi accesspoints integrated within or coupled to the small cell to help facilitateuse of the unlicensed spectrum (e.g., avoid interference with WiFiand/or other devices also utilizing the unlicensed spectrum).

In the present disclosure, the terms “user equipment” and “user enddevice” are used interchangeably, and “UE” is used as an abbreviation ofthe terms. Further, the terms “LAA-LTE AP”, “LTE access point”, “smallcell”, “LAA cell” and other like terms are used interchangeably.

The present disclosure describes small cells with LAA-LTE capability; invarious embodiments, the systems and methods herein are implemented onone or more of any types of devices (e.g., user equipment, such asphones, handsets and/or handheld computers, laptops tablets, etc. and/oraccess points, such as devices similar to LTE eNodeB (eNB) devices) withcapability for LAA-LTE communications in the unlicensed spectrum.

Referring to FIGS. 1-2, block diagrams of a small cell 100 design areshown, according to exemplary embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1, smallcell 100 includes a LAA-LTE access point (AP) 102. In some embodiments,small cell 100 includes only LAA-LTE AP 102, and in other embodiments,small cell 100 includes one or more other components and/or devices(e.g., small cell 100 includes multiple LAA-LTE APs, includes one ormore WiFi APs, etc.). In one implementation, small cell 100 includes aplurality of LAA-LTE APs. In one implementation, small cell 100 includesa LAA-LTE AP and a plurality of WiFi APs. It should be understood thatthe systems and methods described herein can be implemented for anyembodiment of small cell 100 that includes any combination of LAA-LTEAPs and WiFi APs. In particular, while the term “LAA-LTE AP” is used todescribe an access point in the present disclosure, it should beunderstood that in other embodiments a WiFi AP can provide the same orsimilar functionality as described herein with reference to LAA-LTE APs.

Referring further to FIG. 1, small cell 100 is shown in communicationwith a number of devices 108 (e.g., user equipment or user end devices,other small cells including access points, and/or other devices). Smallcell 100 is implementable in an environment such as an office,commercial or residential building, school, or any other type ofenvironment in which devices connect wirelessly. Small cell 100communicates with the various devices 108 over a network thatincorporates one or more of a variety of communication methods orprotocols. For example, some devices 108 communicate with small cell 100via LAA-LTE. In some embodiments, some devices 108 communicate withsmall cell 100 via WiFi (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11ad,etc.).

Referring more specifically to FIG. 2, an example embodiment of smallcell 100 is shown. Small cell 100 includes a LAA-LTE AP 102; again, inother embodiments, small cell 100 includes multiple access points and/orinclude one or both of LAA-LTE APs and WiFi APs. LAA-LTE AP 102 is shownto generally include a transmitter/receiver circuit 114 for transmittingand receiving data, and a buffer 116 for data to be transmitted. In someembodiments, LAA-LTE AP 102 further includes a UART-based generalcircuit interface (GCI), and a peripheral component interconnect express(PCIe) interface for communication with other modules within small cell100.

LAA-LTE AP 102 is further shown to include a processing circuitincluding a processor and memory. The memory is shown to include channelselector 118 and scheduler 120. In some embodiments, the memory furtherincludes other modules for controlling the activities of the accesspoint. In some embodiments, the processor is, or includes, one or moremicroprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs),circuits containing one or more processing components, a group ofdistributed processing components, circuitry for supporting amicroprocessor, or other hardware for processing. The processor executescomputer code stored in memory to complete and facilitate the activitiesdescribed herein. The memory is any volatile or non-volatilecomputer-readable storage medium capable of storing data or computercode relating to the activities described herein. For example, thememory is shown to include modules which are computer code modules(e.g., executable code, object code, source code, script code, machinecode, etc.) for execution by the processor. According to someembodiments, the processing circuits represent a collection ofprocessing devices (e.g., servers, data centers, etc.). In such cases,the processor represents the collective processors of the devices andthe memory represents the collective storage devices of the devices. Theprocessing circuit completes the activities described herein byexecuting software instructions stored in the memories in someembodiments. In some embodiments, channel selector 118 and/or scheduler120 are implemented outside of the memory (e.g., using hardware-basedcircuitry).

Channel selector 118 selects a channel for communications for small cell100. When multiple devices (e.g., LAA-LTE devices, or an LAA-LTE deviceand one or more WiFi APs/devices) operate on the same unlicensed band,the devices can cause co-channel interference and data collision. Insome embodiments, channel selector 118 scans for neighboring LAA-LTE APsand WiFi APs that could cause interference. Channel selector 118 worksin conjunction to determine the current channel allocation for the RFenvironment, in some embodiments. Scheduler 120 schedules transmissionsby LAA-LTE AP 102.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a flow chart of a flow 300 of operations forreducing channel reservation overhead in an unlicensed spectrum isshown, according to an exemplary embodiment. The activities of flow 300allow a LAA-LTE AP (or a WiFi AP) to transmit a message to one or moreother devices, such as UEs and/or other access points. In someembodiments, the message indicates an intent to transmit over one ormore channels of the unlicensed band. In some embodiments, the LAA-LTEAP receives a response message from two or more of the recipient devicesof the first message acknowledging receipt of the first message and/orindicating that the recipient devices will not transmit on the channelfor at least a period of time to avoid interference with thetransmission. For example, in some embodiments, the message is a RTSsignal, and the LAA-LTE AP receives CTS signals from the devices (e.g.,UE devices) to which the RTS message is directed in response to the RTSsignal. While the embodiments below discuss the transmission of RTS andCTS messages/signals, in other embodiments, other types ofmessages/signals are transmitted.

In some embodiments, a LAA-LTE AP transmits a RTS message that addressesa single user end device. The user end device generates a response(e.g., the CTS signal) that also informs the hidden nodes in theenvironment in the vicinity of the user end device of the intent of theLAA-LTE AP to transmit on the unlicensed band channel.

In one exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3, the LAA-LTE uses an orthogonalfrequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) scheme. In some embodiments,the OFDMA scheme is used to provide compatibility of the LAA-LTE AP withLTE and enable spectral efficiency and capacity gains from multi-userdiversity, multi-carrier scheduling, Further enhanced Inter-CellInterference Coordination (FeICIC), etc. In some embodiments, a singleLAA burst (e.g., a single RTS message) is transmitted to multiplerecipient devices (e.g., the LAA-LTE AP and/or UE devices). In someembodiments, each resource block pair in the message is addressed to adifferent user end device. Because of the coexistence of WiFi in theenvironment, reserving bandwidth in the unlicensed channel is desirablefor the LAA-LTE AP in order to communicate with multiple user enddevices, in some embodiments. For example, if the time taken to reservea channel for LAA transmission increases, the probability of being ableto successfully reserve a channel decreases, and/or WiFi transmissionsare delayed and/or lost as less time is left in the channel for WiFitransmissions.

In some embodiments, to support OFDMA, instead of using multiple RTS/CTSexchanges, flow 300 utilizes a single multicast RTS. The singlemulticast RTS message is used with closely spaced CTS signals sent bythe user end devices to minimize channel access delay and reduce channelreservation overhead.

Flow 300 includes, at a LAA-LTE AP, defining a plurality of UEs asbelonging to a UE group (operation 302). In some embodiments, operation302 includes setting up the groups semi-statically through radioresource control (RRC) messaging. In such an embodiment, each UE isassigned a group and assigned an index. In some embodiments, theidentifier for a group of UEs is a unique virtual MAC address. The indexindicates the order in which the UEs in the group would transmit CTSmessages, one after the other (e.g., sequentially). In some embodiments,a UE can be a part of a single group or multiple groups.

In another embodiment, at operation 302, a RTS signal sent by theLAA-LTE AP (at operation 304) is extended in a backwards compatiblemanner such that there are additional fields in the RTS signal toidentify the addressed UEs and the order in which the UEs shouldtransmit the closely-spaced CTSs.

Flow 300 further includes, at the LAA-LTE AP, transmitting a message(e.g., a RTS message) to two or more devices (e.g., user end devices)(operation 304). In some embodiments, the RTS message includes anidentifier or additional fields to identify the addressed UEs. Flow 300further includes, at the LAA-LTE AP, receiving response messages (e.g.,CTS messages) from two or more of the devices acknowledging the messagefrom the LAA-LTE AP (operation 306). In some embodiments, the CTSmessages are received in a known sequence, and includes an identifierfor the LAA-LTE AP to identify which CTS message belongs to which UE.

The UEs that send the CTS later have an increasing probability ofcollision, as they could send the CTS after a hidden node which hasmissed the RTS or previous CTS messages.

In some embodiments, the sequence of transmissions of the UEs (i.e., thesequence in which the UEs transmit CTS messages to the LAA-LTE AP) isdecided based on a knowledge of interfering hidden nodes in theneighborhood of the UEs. The knowledge is based on location and transmitpower data or through a history of failed RTS attempts with a UE due toanother UE preempting the CTS message, in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, if the LAA-LTE AP does not receive a CTS for someUEs addressed in the RTS, it can schedule transmissions only to the UEsfrom which it received a CTS. Therefore, in some embodiments, in thecase of CTSs colliding with transmissions from hidden nodes, only thepart of the multicast RTS/CTS exchange impacted by the hidden nodebecomes ineffective, and transmission occurs with the other UEs.

In some embodiments, if the CTSs from the UEs are enhanced to transmitin a OFDMA manner, the time spacing between the CTSs is avoided tofurther reduce delay in the process.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a flow chart of a flow 400 of operations forestimating a quality metric associated with a signal sent over theunlicensed spectrum by an access point is shown, according to anexemplary embodiment. Flow 400 is executed by, for example, either theLAA-LTE AP or a user end device to determine channel characteristics fortransmissions in the unlicensed band.

LAA bursts occur discontinuously in time. Therefore, in some instances,the LAA-LTE AP does not know the recent channel state at a user enddevice when transmission to the user end device begins at the initialphases of the LAA burst. In some embodiments, the user end devicemeasures the channel during the LAA burst and reports back a CSI metricto the LAA-LTE AP. The LAA-LTE AP would then select a modulation andcoding scheme (MCS). However, the LAA-LTE AP can use a conservative MCSto avoid errors. Process 400 is executed by the LAA-LTE AP to selectappropriate modulation and/or encoding parameters (e.g., select a MCS).In some embodiments, process 400 is used to select MCS parameters priorto a first LAA burst. In some embodiments, process 400 is executed toestimate the CSI (or another quality metric) from RTS and/or CTSmessages. In some embodiments, flow 400 is used to estimate apropagation delay and/or distance between an access point and user enddevices based on a time difference between a first message (e.g., RTSmessage) and a second message (e.g., CTS message).

Flow 400 includes receiving a signal at the UE (operation 402). In someembodiments, the signal is a first signal indicating an intent totransmit data on a channel of an unlicensed band. In other embodiments,the signal is a second signal acknowledging the first signal indicatingan intent to transmit data on the channel. In some embodiments, thefirst signal is a RTS message, and the second signal is a CTS message.In some embodiments, the CTS message includes an intended recipientidentifier (e.g., MAC address) corresponding to the LAA-LTE AP thattransmitted the RTS message triggering the CTS message. In someembodiments, the CTS message includes an intended recipient identifiercorresponding to the node (e.g., UE) transmitting the CTS message (e.g.,a CTS-to-self message). In some embodiments, the CTS message (e.g.,CTS-to-nowhere message or CTS2NW) includes an intended recipientidentifier that does not correspond to a known recipient node (e.g., anidentifier or address indicating to one or more other nodes or devicesthat the message is intended as a broadcast message).

Process 400 further includes estimating a quality metric associated withthe first signal or second signal (operation 404). In some embodiments,estimation of the quality metric is based at least in part on a noisemetric (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio) of the measured signal. Theestimation of the quality metric could occur at either a LAA-LTE AP orat an user end device, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,the quality metric is part or all of CSI from the user end device. Insome embodiments, the quality metric is a CQI metric. In otherembodiments, any other quality metric, or combination of quality metricsare used.

In some embodiments, the first signal is a RTS message and is used toestimate the quality metric. When the RTS message is measured, a CSImetric is fed back to the LAA-LTE AP either through a corresponding CTSor a licensed LTE uplink, in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the second signal is a CTS message (e.g., aCTS-to-nowhere or CTS2NW message) and is used to estimate the qualitymetric. When the CTS message is measured, a CSI metric is fed back tothe LAA-LTE AP through the licensed LTE uplink, in some embodiments.

In various embodiments, operation 404 is executed for any of varioustypes of messages (e.g., RTS and/or CTS messages).

Flow 400 optionally includes determining a parameter for transmissionson the channel based on the quality metric (operation 406). For example,operation 406 includes determining a modulation parameter and/or acoding parameter (e.g., MCS). The parameter(s) is determined prior totransmission of a first data burst on the channel by the LTE accesspoint, in some embodiments. The parameter is used to enable use of animproved MCS in transmissions at the beginning of a LAA burst, in someembodiments.

In some embodiments, the quality metric includes an indication whichallows for selective scheduling. For example, if a first user end devicehas a better channel at high frequency (e.g., better transmissioncapability at a high frequency than a low frequency) and a second userend device has a better channel at low frequency, the quality metricindicates a preference for transmitting data to, for example, the firstuser end device at the higher frequencies.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a flow chart of a flow 500 of operations formanaging interference in the unlicensed spectrum is shown according toan exemplary embodiment. The interference is managed to allow multiplesmall cells in the environment to transmit in the unlicensed spectrum.

A LAA-LTE AP handles strong downlink interference scenarios (e.g.,through the use of FeICIC and OFDMA). Therefore, in some embodiments,groups of LAA-LTE enabled cells coordinate their access time instantsand access durations on the unlicensed spectrum, at least forintra-operator LAA-LTE deployments. The cells among such a group thattransmit on the downlink on the same subframe improve their mutualinterference via semi-static or dynamic interference coordinationtechniques, in some embodiments. In effect, the downlink transmit power,the selected MCSs and the UEs to which the allocations are made areadjusted per resource block of the LAA subframe so that interferencefrom other cells in the environment is managed.

If a cell uses a RTS/CTS or CTS2NW scheme to gain access to theunlicensed spectrum, another cell could back off from channel access,even though internally, both cells are coordinated and scheduled fortransmission on possibly overlapping time intervals. Therefore, theRTS/CTS method can be enhanced to distinguish between messages fromneighboring cells who are internally coordinated in time and frequencyand messages from uncoordinated entities, such as WiFi nodes. Thisallows for cells to transmit at overlapping time instants with aresultant increase in spectral efficiency, in some embodiments.

Flow 500 includes receiving a message at a first LAA-LTE AP (operation502). In some embodiments, the message is a first message indicating anintent to transmit data on a channel of an unlicensed band. In someembodiments, the message is a second message acknowledging the firstmessage. In some embodiments, the first message is a RTS message, andthe second message is a CTS message. The CTS message can be aCTS-to-nowhere message, a CTS-to-self message, a CTS message for anotherdevice, or another type of CTS message.

Flow 500 further includes determining if the message was transmitted bya second LAA-LTE AP (operation 504). The second LAA-LTE AP coordinatestransmissions with the first LAA-LTE AP.

In some embodiments, the LAA-LTE AP determines the source of themessage. For example, flow 500 optionally includes retrieving anidentifier from the message (operation 506) and determining if themessage was transmitted by the second LAA-LTE AP based on the identifier(operation 508).

Flow 500 further includes transmitting, by the first LAA-LTE AP, a firstsignal on the unlicensed band during a same timeframe in which thesecond LAA-LTE AP transmits a second signal on the unlicensed band(operation 510). The transmission is based on determining the messagewas transmitted by the second LAA-LTE AP at operation 504. If themessage was not transmitted by the second LAA-LTE AP, flow 500 includesdisabling transmission on the unlicensed band during the timeframe bythe first LAA-LTE AP, in some embodiments (operation 512).

In some embodiments, the coordination as described in flow 500 isassisted by the WiFi APs integrated in the small cells with the LAA-LTEAP. This coordination is performed based on transmit power, downlinkrate adjustment, and/or frequency reuse, in various embodiments. In someembodiments, part or all of flow 500 is executed in the WiFi AP.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a flow chart of a flow 600 of operations forreserving a channel in the unlicensed spectrum for a future transmissionis shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. Flow 600 allows for thereserving of discontinuous time intervals in the unlicensed band,reducing the wastage of bandwidth in the channel. Flow 600 is used inscenarios where the LAA-LTE AP knows a response from another device inan environment will occur at a fixed future time, in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, a RTS/CTS procedure of a WiFi node only reservescontinuous time intervals, which can prevent good channel reservationfor the small cell. For example, in one scenario, a hybrid automaticrepeat request (hybrid ARQ or HARQ) transmission of the node occurs ashort time (e.g., 4 ms) after the corresponding downlink transmission.The HARQ message has a fixed time offset to the downlink transmissionand has a lag of, for example, 4 ms, in some embodiments.

This would result in the RTS/CTS channel reservation procedurerequesting a reservation of 4 ms (3 ms time gap plus 1 ms for the HARQtransmission) of additional time to accommodate the transmission ofHARQ, in some embodiments. No other transmission is then scheduled onthe intervening 3 ms, or if this is the last downlink transmission inthe LAA burst, the 3 ms of reserved time is wasted. Two separate channelreservation requests, one or the downlink transmission and one for theHARQ transmission, are not made. Due to the uncertain nature of channelreservation in the unlicensed band, two separate and independent channelreservation requests do not reliably reserve the channel at the fixed(e.g., 3 ms) time offset.

A WiFi node does not encounter the channel wastage problem, as the ARQis transmitted briefly (e.g., 16 us, for 802.11n at 5 GHz) after thecorresponding data transmission. The WiFi node reserving continuous timeto accommodate ARQ transmission does not cause any significant resourcewastage in contrast to LTE (e.g., 16 us versus 3 ms).

Referring to FIG. 6, a process is described wherein messages are used toreserve a transmission window at a future time within an unlicensedband. For example, in some embodiments, the RTS/CTS procedure is updatedto request channel reservation for one or more future times, allowing agap between transmissions occurring in discontinuous time intervalsinstead of reserving an entire continuous time interval for the multipletransmissions. A RTS/CTS procedure is executed at a time t, to reservethe channel at time intervals [t+δ1, t+δ2], [t+δ3, t+δ4], etc., where0≤δ1<δ2<δ3<δ4 . . . , in some embodiments.

Flow 600 is shown to include, at a LAA-LTE AP, determining atransmission window beginning at a future time in which data will betransmitted over a channel of an unlicensed band (operation 602). Insome embodiments, the future time is a predetermined time after atransmission of the LAA-LTE AP. Process 600 further includestransmitting a message reserving the channel for transmission for thetransmission window beginning at the future time (operation 604). Thetransmission at the future time does not block transmissions over thechannel prior to the future time. The single channel reservation requestreserves the channel until Transmission Time Interval (TTI) n for thedownlink transmission and again for TTI n+4 for the HARQ transmission,in some exemplary embodiments. This saves potential channel wastage(e.g., of 3 ms).

In some embodiments, the message transmitted at operation 604 is a RTSmessage indicating that the LAA-LTE AP is ready to send a message to oneor more user end devices. The devices in the environment proceed asdescribed in the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 7, a flow chart of another flow 700 of operations forreserving a channel in the unlicensed spectrum for a future transmissionis shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. In the embodiment ofFIG. 6, if a LAA burst length is an integer number of LTE subframes,then restricting LAA subframes to maintain time synchronization withsubframes of a previous burst or with the subframes of the LTE cell inthe licensed band would make LAA waste, for example, 1 ms in each burst.Flow 700 reduces the average bandwidth wastage to, for example, 0.5 msper burst by using a time offset, in some embodiments.

Flow 700 includes determining a time offset between a current time and abeginning time of a next transmission window for transmission of dataover a channel of an unlicensed band (operation 702). Flow 700 furtherincludes transmitting a message reserving the channel for transmissionfor the time offset and the transmission window (operation 704). Inother words, the scheduler of the LAA-LTE AP requests the channel accessfor a duration equal to an integer number of TTIs plus the time offsetdifference.

Referring also to FIG. 8 the channel reservation process of FIG. 7 isillustrated and compared to a less efficient channel reservationprocess. In a less efficient channel reservation process (labeled as 802in FIG. 8), the channel is shown reserved for a LAA burst of 3 TTIs. Thechannel is shown to include a number of LTE TTI boundaries 804, eachboundary indicating the start of a new transmission window. The channelis reserved for 3 TTIs, but bandwidth is wasted at times 806, at eachend of the reservation, for a total of 1 TTI.

In flow 700, while requesting channel access, the LAA-LTE AP determinesthe time offset difference between the start time of the requested burstand the start of the LTE TTI. Therefore, the channel is reserved for aLAA burst for a time of 2 TTIs plus the time offset, instead of 3 TTIs.This results in avoiding wasting the trailing bandwidth 808.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a flow chart of a flow 900 of operations forestimating a time offset between transmission windows in the unlicensedspectrum is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment. Flow 900 isexecuted to coordinate transmission between two or more LAA-LTE APs inan environment. The transmissions are coordinated based on a time offsetbetween transmission windows of each LAA-LTE AP.

LAA bursts are discontinuous in time, and, in some embodiments, timeintervals that can be used by a LAA cell cannot be deterministicallyknown in advance, as described above. Therefore, channel access timesfor a small cell are not naturally time aligned with a transmission froma corresponding LTE cell.

One process for aligning the transmission is illustrated in FIG. 8. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 8, 1 TTI of bandwidth is wasted, correspondingto 1 ms of channel reservation time. In the presence of multiple othercontenders for the channel, a LAA transmission interval is expected tobe within, for example, 5 ms to 20 ms. The resulting wasted transmissionopportunity due to TTI alignment would then be between 5%-20%.

As described in FIGS. 6-8, one scheme to prevent the wastage would be toallow LAA TTIs to not necessarily be time aligned with the LTE TTIs andto be able to start at time offsets independent of LTE. To aid this,further procedures as described in FIG. 9 are used to enable a user enddevice in the environment to make the timing estimation.

Flow 900 includes estimating, at a first LAA-LTE AP, a time offsetbetween a first transmission window for transmission of data over achannel of an unlicensed band and a second transmission window fortransmission of data over a licensed LTE band by a second LAA-LTE AP(operation 902). Process 900 further includes coordinating transmissionover the channel of the unlicensed band based on the time offset(operation 904).

In some embodiments, estimating the time offset includes determining adifference between a first time and a second time. The first time is atime at which a first message or second message is received. The firstmessage indicates an intent to transmit data on a channel of theunlicensed band and the second message acknowledges the first message,in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, the first and second transmission windowscorrespond to, for example, a RTS/CTS exchange between small cells. Flow900 helps ensure that LAA bursts start at a fixed time offset from acorresponding RTS/CTS exchange, in some embodiments. The LAA timing isderived from the CTS message (e.g., a CTS2-to-nowhere or another type ofCTS message), in some embodiments.

In some embodiments, before sending the LAA-LTE burst, a trainingsequence is used. The training sequence identifies when the timing ofthe burst will occur. In some embodiments, such a sequence is generatedand/or transmitted by the robust coexistence coordinator (RCC). Thetraining sequence includes, for example, a sequence of data in apredetermined format and/or having a predetermined timing pattern.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be used fortransmissions in an unlicensed spectrum by equipment WiFi equipment, LTEequipment, or equipment including both WiFi and LTE features. Forexample, in some implementations, multicast messages (e.g., RTS/CTSmessages) may be used to schedule communications between WiFi accesspoints and/or user equipment. A multicast RTS/CTS scheme, as describedabove, may be used instead of the unicast RTS/CTS scheme of legacy WiFi.Multicasting may reduce channel reservation time for a multi-STAtransmission. This may be used, for example, in conjunction with802.11ax, 802.11ad, and/or other WiFi standards, in variousimplementations.

Embodiments of the disclosure are described in the general context ofmethod steps which are implemented in some embodiments by a programproduct including machine-executable instructions, such as program code,for example, in the form of program modules executed by machines innetworked environments.

It should be noted that although the flowcharts provided herein show aspecific order of method steps, it is understood that the order of thesesteps can differ from what is depicted. Also two or more steps can beperformed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Such variation willdepend on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designerchoice. It is understood that all such variations are within the scopeof the disclosure.

The foregoing description of embodiments of the disclosure have beenpresented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise formdisclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of theabove teachings or can be acquired from practice of the disclosure. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principalsof the disclosure and its practical application to enable one skilled inthe art to utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and withvarious modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, at a first accesspoint over an unlicensed band, at least one of a first messageindicating an intent to transmit data on a channel of the unlicensedband or a second message acknowledging the first message; determiningwhether the at least one of the first message or second message wastransmitted by a second access point configured to coordinatetransmissions with the first access point; and transmitting, by thefirst access point, a first signal on the unlicensed band during a sametimeframe in which the second access point transmits a second signal onthe unlicensed band based on determining the at least one of the firstmessage or the second message was transmitted by the second accesspoint.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first message comprises aReady to Send (RTS) message, and wherein the second message comprises aClear to Send (CTS) message.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising disabling transmission on the unlicensed band during thetimeframe by the first access point based on determining the at leastone of the first message or the second message was not transmitted bythe second access point.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determiningwhether the at least one of the first message or second message wastransmitted by a second access point comprises: retrieving an identifierfrom the at least one of the first message or the second message; anddetermining whether the at least one of the first message or the secondmessage was transmitted by the second access point based on theidentifier.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first access point andsecond access point each comprise one of a Long Term Evolution (LTE)access point, a WiFi access point, or a hybrid access point includingLTE and WiFi components.
 6. A method comprising: determining, at anaccess point configured to transmit data over an unlicensed band, atransmission window beginning at a future time in which data will betransmitted over a channel of the unlicensed band; and transmitting, atthe access point, a message configured to reserve the channel fortransmission for the transmission window beginning at the future time.7. The method of claim 6, wherein the message comprises a Ready to Send(RTS) message.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the future time is apredetermined time after a transmission of the access point.
 9. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the message comprises a time offset betweenthe first time and a second time at which the message is transmitted.10. The method of claim 6, wherein the access point comprises one of aLong Term Evolution (LTE) access point, a WiFi access point, or a hybridaccess point including LTE and WiFi components.
 11. The method of claim6, wherein the message is configured to not block transmissions over thechannel prior to the future time.
 12. The method of claim 6, furthercomprising: determining, at the access point, a time offset between acurrent time and the future time, the future time comprising a beginningtime of a next one of a plurality of transmission windows fortransmission of data over a channel of the unlicensed band; wherein themessage is configured to reserve the channel for transmission for boththe time offset and the transmission window.
 13. The method of claim 6,further comprising: estimating, at the access point, a time offsetbetween the transmission window for transmission of data over thechannel of the unlicensed band and a second transmission window fortransmission of data over a licensed band by a second access point; andcoordinating transmission over the channel of the unlicensed band basedon the time offset.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein estimating thetime offset comprises determining a difference between a first time atwhich at least one of a first message indicating an intent to transmitdata on the channel of the unlicensed band or a second messageacknowledging the first message occurs and a second time at which a databurst over the channel occurs.
 15. The method of claim 13, whereinestimating the time offset comprises applying a training sequence priorto a beginning of a data burst over the channel.
 16. The method of claim13, wherein the access point and the second access point each compriseone of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) access point, a WiFi access point, ora hybrid access point including LTE and WiFi components.
 17. Anapparatus configured to transmit data over an unlicensed band,comprising circuitry configured to: determine a transmission windowbeginning at a future time in which data will be transmitted over achannel of the unlicensed band; and transmit a message configured toreserve the channel for transmission for the transmission windowbeginning at the future time.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein thefuture time is a predetermined time after a transmission of the accesspoint.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the message comprises atime offset between the first time and a second time at which themessage is transmitted.
 20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein thecircuitry is further configured to: determine a time offset between acurrent time and the future time, the future time comprising a beginningtime of a next one of a plurality of transmission windows fortransmission of data over a channel of the unlicensed band; wherein themessage is configured to reserve the channel for transmission for boththe time offset and the transmission window.